imtoken安卓版app软件|whaleshark

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2024-03-07 21:59:20

鲸鲨(须鲨目鲸鲨科海洋动物)_百度百科

鲨目鲸鲨科海洋动物)_百度百科 网页新闻贴吧知道网盘图片视频地图文库资讯采购百科百度首页登录注册进入词条全站搜索帮助首页秒懂百科特色百科知识专题加入百科百科团队权威合作下载百科APP个人中心鲸鲨是一个多义词,请在下列义项上选择浏览(共3个义项)展开添加义项鲸鲨[jīng shā]播报讨论上传视频须鲨目鲸鲨科海洋动物收藏查看我的收藏0有用+10鲸鲨(学名:Rhincodon typus ):是鲸鲨科、鲸鲨属的鲨鱼。鲸鲨仅1科1属1种。身体庞大,全长可达20米,是世界上最大的鱼类。体表散布淡色斑点与纵横交错的淡色带,有如棋盘。鼻孔位于上唇的两侧,出现于口内。牙多而细小,排成多行。鳃裂5对,鳃裂极大,几乎达身体的背缘与腹缘,最后1对鳃裂位于胸鳍基部的前方。背鳍2个,无棘,第1背鳍位在腹鳍前方,有臀鳍。尾柄具侧棱,尾鳍呈新月形,下叶短于上叶。如鲸鲨,有二背鳍,大小不同,胸鳍大,位于第三对鳃裂下,腹鳍小,尾鳍叉型,口宽,端位,鳃耙如海绵状。属大洋性鱼类。食大量浮游生物和小型鱼类。主要分布于各热带和温带海区,中国各海区夏、秋季节都有分布。性情温和。由于大量捕杀,数量锐减。中文名鲸鲨拉丁学名Rhincodon typus别    名豆腐鲨、大憨鲨外文名英文 Whale Shark法文 Requin Baleine西班牙文 Tiburón Ballena阿拉伯文 القرش الحوت界动物界门脊索动物门纲软骨鱼纲目须鲨目科鲸鲨科属鲸鲨属种鲸鲨亚    门脊椎动物亚门亚    纲板鳃亚纲亚    种无亚种 [12]命名者及年代Smith, 1828保护级别濒危(EN)IUCN标准;中国《国家重点保护野生动物名录》二级 [4]目录1动物学史▪发现▪命名2形态特征3栖息环境4生活习性▪捕食▪性情5分布范围6繁殖方式7保护现状▪保护级别▪种群现状8相关报导9世界纪录动物学史播报编辑发现物种的化石记录显示古鲸鲨属(Palaeorhincodon)中的三个物种可追溯到35-5800万年前的始新世时期。直到1828年,第一个科学界已知的鲸鲨标本才在南非海岸被发现。在1828年4月,根据一条长4.6米,在南非桌湾被捕获的个体,鲸鲨首次被生物学家确认。这条鲸鲨的特征在隔年由开普敦的英国安祖鲁·史密斯博士(Andrew Smith)提出。他正式将该物种描述为海洋中最大的活鲨鱼,并在1849年公开更多有关鲸鲨细节。 [8]鲸鲨(Rhincodon typus)是人类对海洋及其居民的记录中相对较新的一种。 然而,这种鲨鱼的祖先可以追溯到2亿年至6600万年前的侏罗纪和白垩纪时期 [13],当时鲨鱼群开始出现。这个物种很少见。在1980年代中期之前,全球只有不到350份关于鲸鲨的确认报告。从那时起,在澳大利亚记录了一致的目击事件。围绕着每年在西澳大利亚西北海岸的宁格鲁海洋公园露面的利润丰厚的生态旅游产业现已成熟。 [8]命名鲸鲨的学名是”Rhincodon typus“,源自拉丁语中的“rasp”和“tooth”。鲸鲨有许多层细小、粗糙的牙齿,为名称提供了基础。“鲸鲨”这个名称是从鱼类生物学而来,表示鲸鲨体型与鲸鱼一样庞大,而且也是一种滤食动物。在越南宗教信仰中,鲸鲨被视为成神祇,并且被称为“Ca Ong”(有“鱼先生“Sir Fish”的意思)。鲸鲨在墨西哥及大部分中美地区因为它们身上斑点形状,被称为“pezdama”或“domino”。因为鲸鲨经常有规律出现于伯利兹堡礁(Belize Barrier Reef)靠近人心果群岛(Sapodilla Cayes)海域,所以巴西人称它为“Sapodilla Tom”。鲸鲨在肯尼亚被称为“papashillingi”,这是因为肯尼亚人相信神将先令投掷在鲸鲨身上,所以它们身上才有那样斑点。 “marokintana”是鲸鲨在马达加斯加的称呼,意为“众多星星”。印尼的爪哇人称呼鲸鲨为“gegerlintang”,意为“背部拥有星星的鱼”。菲律宾人则称它们为“butanding”。 [9]形态特征播报编辑鲸鲨是最大的鲨,是鱼类中最大者,体长20米左右,体重约20吨 [14],为鱼类之冠。体延长粗大,每侧各具二显著皮嵴。眼小,无瞬膜。口巨大上下领具唇褶。齿细小而多,圆锥形。喷水孔小,位于眼后。鳃孔5个,宽大。鳃耙角质,分成许多小枝、结成过滤港状。背鳍2个,第二背鳍与臂鳍相对。胸鳍宽大。尾鳍分叉。体灰褐或青褐色,具有许多黄色斑点和垂直横纹。 [1]鲸鲨拥有一个宽达1.5米的嘴巴,10片滤食片上内含了300-350排细小的牙齿。鲸鲨拥有5对巨大的鳃,两个小眼睛则位于扁平头部的前方,鳃裂刚好位于眼睛的后方。身体大部分都是灰色,腹部则是白色。每条鲸鲨的斑点都是独一无二的,生物学家可以用来辨识不同的个体,所以也可以精准的判断鲸鲨数量。鲸鲨的表皮有黄白色的斑点与条纹,厚度达到10厘米。鲸鲨拥有2个背鳍,第1个背鳍比第2个背鳍还大,外观成三角形。鲸鲨的胸鳍可以长达4.8米,尾鳍则长达2.4米,呈新月状,上半部比下半部还长。鲸鲨的皮肤厚达15厘米,可以有效抵抗其他生物攻击。第一背鳍远大于第二背鳍;胸鳍特大,为稍窄之镰刀状;臀鳍与第二背鳍同大,基底亦相对;尾鳍叉形,上尾叉几比下尾叉长2倍,由上叶及下叶之中部、后部组成,下尾叉则由下叶前部突出而成。体呈灰褐色至蓝褐色,体侧散布许多白色斑点及横纹,而这些斑纹排列呈棋盘状。鲸鲨栖息环境播报编辑生活于暖温性大洋海区的中上层,主要分布在热带和温带海区,分布大约在南北纬30°-35°的范围内。也会有迁移行为,有时在北纬41°和南纬36.5°之间进行洄游。 [2]在中国南海、台湾海峡、东海、黄海南部较为常见。虽然鲸鲨通常出现于近海地区,但其季节性的觅食活动偶尔会发生在几个沿岸地区,例如西澳大利亚的宁歌路珊瑚礁(Ningaloo Reef)、洪都拉斯、菲律宾的董索与八打雁(Batangas)及坦桑尼亚的奔巴岛与桑吉巴。虽然鲸鲨常出现于近海,不过人类也曾经在沿岸、潟湖、珊瑚礁、河口与运河发现它们的踪影。人类也曾经在700米深的海域发现过鲸鲨。 [3]菲律宾是世界上鲸鲨分布密度最高的地区。鲸鲨会在1月到5月之间聚集在菲律宾索索贡(Sorsogon,位于敦索尔)的浅海岸区。一些幸运的潜水人员也可以在塞舌尔与波多黎各发现鲸鲨群。知道它们会在9月至12月之间沿着墨西哥的下加利福尼亚州来移动,也有人发现鲸鲨在西马来西亚东海岸的天鹅岛(Tenggol Island)附近出没。有时候鲸鲨会与其他小型的鱼类一起出现,特别是䲟鱼。 [3]生活习性播报编辑捕食鲸鲨是滤食动物,以浮游生物、巨大的藻类、磷虾与小型的自游动物(例如小型乌贼与脊椎动物)为食。它们的牙齿不是扮演觅食的功用,事实上它的尺寸并不大。取而代之的是:鲸鲨吸进一口水,闭上嘴巴,然后从鳃来排出水。在嘴巴关闭与鳃盖打开之间的短暂期间,浮游生物就被排列在鳃与咽喉的皮质鳞突(dermaldenticles)所困住。这个类似过滤器般的器官是鳃耙的独特变异,可以阻止任何大于2至3毫米的物体通过,液体则会被排出。任何被鳃条之间的过滤器官所阻塞的物体会被鲸鲨吞下去。鲸鲨曾被观察到“咳嗽”的行为,推测这是清理累积在鳃耙中的食物的方式。鲸鲨聚集在贝里斯加勒比地区海域的礁石区,捕食巨大巴西笛鲷的鱼卵,这些卵会出现在5、6、7月的满月与弦月之间。鲸鲨的主要食物是磷虾、蟹幼体、海蜇、沙丁鱼、凤尾鱼、鲭鱼、小金枪鱼和鱿鱼。 [2]鲸鲨是种活跃的滤食生物,靠着嗅觉来攻击浮游生物或鱼类这些目标。鲸鲨在觅食时不需要向前游泳,它们经常被观察到上下摆动着来吸入海水与排出它来得到食物。这与姥鲨完全相反,它们是温和的滤食者而且并不会吸入海水,它们靠游泳迫使海水通过鳃。英国广播公司的自然纪录片《行星地球》曾拍摄到一只正在捕食小型鱼类的鲸鲨。 [1]性情鲸鲨通常单独活动,除非在食物丰富的地区觅食,否则它们很少群聚在一起。雄性鲸鲨的活动范围比雌性更大,因为雌性鲸鲨比较偏好出现在特定的地点。鲸鲨的游动速度缓慢,常漂浮在水面上晒太阳。 [1]虽然鲸鲨拥有巨大的身躯,不过不会对人类造成重大的危害。它们经常被科学家用来教育社会大众,不是所有的鲨鱼都会“吃人”。实际上,鲸鲨的个性是相当温和的,也会与潜水人员嬉戏。有一项未经证实的报告指出,鲸鲨会保持静止,将身体倒反来让潜水人员清理腹部的寄生生物。潜水人员可以与这种巨大的鱼类一同游泳而不会遭受任何危险,除了会被鲸鲨巨大的尾鳍无意间击中以外。潜水人员可以经常在洪都拉斯海湾群岛、泰国、红海、马尔代夫、西澳大利亚(宁哥路珊瑚礁)、巴西、莫桑比克、南非的苏达瓦那湾(大圣路西亚湿地公园)、科隆群岛、墨西哥女人岛、马来西亚西部、塞舌尔、斯里兰卡及波多黎各这些地区观察到鲸鲨的活动。 [1]分布范围播报编辑分布于萨摩亚、安哥拉、安圭拉、安提瓜和巴布达、阿根廷、阿鲁巴岛、澳大利亚、巴哈马、巴林、孟加拉国、巴巴多斯、伯利兹、贝宁、博内尔岛,圣尤斯特歇斯和萨巴、巴西、文莱、柬埔寨、喀麦隆、佛得角、开曼群岛、智利、中国、哥伦比亚、刚果(金)、库克群岛、哥斯达黎加、科特迪瓦、古巴、库拉索岛、吉布提、多米尼加、厄瓜多尔、埃及、萨尔瓦多、赤道几内亚、厄立特里亚、埃塞俄比亚、斐济、法属圭亚那、法属波利尼西亚、加蓬、冈比亚、加纳、格林纳达、瓜德罗普岛、危地马拉、几内亚、几内亚比绍、圭亚那、海地、洪都拉斯、印度、印尼、伊朗、伊拉克、以色列、牙买加、日本、约旦、肯尼亚、基里巴斯、利比里亚、马达加斯加、马来西亚、马绍尔群岛、马提尼克岛、毛里塔尼亚、墨西哥、密克罗尼西亚、蒙特塞拉特、摩洛哥、莫桑比克、缅甸、纳米比亚、瑙鲁、新喀里多尼亚、新西兰、尼加拉瓜、尼日利亚、纽埃、阿曼、巴基斯坦、巴拿马、巴布亚新几内亚、秘鲁、菲律宾、皮特凯恩、葡萄牙、波多黎各、卡塔尔、圣基茨和尼维斯、圣卢西亚、圣马丁(法国部分)、圣文森特和格林纳丁斯、萨摩亚、圣多美和普林西比、沙特、塞内加尔、塞拉利昂、圣马丁岛(荷兰部分)、所罗门群岛、索马里、南非、苏丹、苏里南、坦桑尼亚、泰国、多哥、托克劳、汤加、特克斯和凯科斯群岛、图瓦卢、阿联酋、美国(加利福尼亚、夏威夷岛、俄勒冈州、华盛顿州)、乌拉圭、瓦努阿图、委内瑞拉、越南、维尔京群岛、瓦利斯和富图纳群岛、西撒哈拉、也门。 [4]游荡:加拿大和新西兰。 [4]鲸鲨分布图 [4]繁殖方式播报编辑生物学家对于鲸鲨的繁殖习性仍然有许多疑问。生物学家在20世纪中叶以前,对于鲸鲨是胎生或卵生都仅止于臆测。后来生物学家在1956年根据一颗墨西哥近海发现覆有鲸鲨胎仔的卵壳,而相信它们是卵生动物。到了1996年7月,台湾台东地区的渔民捕获一条雌鲨,随后在体内发现了300条幼鲨及卵壳,显示鲸鲨其实是一种卵胎生动物。鲸鲨会将卵留在身体内,直到幼鲨生长到40-60厘米后才释出体外,这显示出幼鲨并非全部同时出生。雌鲨会将精液保存下来,然后在一段长期时间中稳定的繁殖出幼鲨。生物学家认为鲸鲨会在30岁左右达到性成熟,它们的寿命可以达到70至100年。 [2]保护现状播报编辑保护级别列入《世界自然保护联盟濒危物种红色名录》(IUCN)2016年 ver3.1——濒危(EN)。 [4]列入《濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约附录Ⅰ、附录Ⅱ和附录Ⅲ》(CITES)2019年版附录Ⅱ。 [10]列入中国《国家重点保护野生动物名录》(2021年2月5日)二级。 [6]种群现状鲸鲨几乎没有天敌,人类捕捞是其数量减少的一个原因。鲸鲨在几个季节性聚集的地区是水产业的目标之一。东南亚特别是台湾地区是鲸鲨主要捕捞区,捕捞上来的鲸鲨主要食用其肉质,有时也会将它的鳍割下以制作鱼翅。在其他地方虽然不是捕捞对象,但也会被误捕。 [2]菲律宾在1998年禁止了所有关于鲸鲨的商业猎捕、贩卖、输入与输出活动,印度则在2001年5月禁止,从2003年开始,台湾将鲸鲨的捕捞数量限制在每年80尾。从2008年1月1日之后,则开始全面禁止这类商业活动。相关报导播报编辑历史上最小的活鲸鲨样本是菲律宾海洋动物研究人员在2009年3月7日所发现的,长度仅有38厘米,约当成年男性的前臂长度。当时人们在菲律宾的海滩上发现它,这条鲸鲨随后受到研究人员的照顾并被送回野外。科学家相信这次意外事件可能让他们发现一个鲸鲨的繁殖地。 [11]世界纪录播报编辑体形最大的鱼:科学记载的最大鲸鲨长12.65米,相当于3.5辆迷你库珀汽车的长度。(吉尼斯世界纪录) [5]最厚的皮肤:鲸鲨背部鳞片以下的皮肤厚度最高可达 10 厘米,有一种橡胶的质感,可以抵御逆戟鲸这样的捕食者的攻击。它们可以通过缩紧背部肌肉使皮肤更加坚韧。某些海洋哺乳动物据说有更厚的皮肤。(吉尼斯世界纪录) [7]新手上路成长任务编辑入门编辑规则本人编辑我有疑问内容质疑在线客服官方贴吧意见反馈投诉建议举报不良信息未通过词条申诉投诉侵权信息封禁查询与解封©2024 Baidu 使用百度前必读 | 百科协议 | 隐私政策 | 百度百科合作平台 | 京ICP证030173号 京公网安备110000020000

Whale Shark | National Geographic

Whale Shark | National Geographic

Skip to contentNewslettersSubscribeMenuGentle giants, whale sharks filter-feed, swimming with their wide mouths open, collecting plankton and small fish.

Photograph by Brian J. Skerry, Nat Geo Image CollectionPlease be respectful of copyright. Unauthorized use is prohibited.AnimalsReferenceWhale SharkShareTweetEmailCommon Name: Whale SharkScientific Name: Rhincodon typusType: FishDiet: CarnivoreGroup Name: SchoolAverage Life Span In The Wild: 70 yearsSize: 18 to 32.8 feetWeight: 20.6 tonsSize relative to a bus: IUCN Red List Status: ? Endangered LCNTVUENCREWEX Least Concern Extinct Current Population Trend: DecreasingAs the largest fish in the sea, reaching lengths of 40 feet or more, whale sharks have an enormous menu from which to choose. Fortunately for most sea-dwellers—and us!—their favorite meal is plankton. They scoop these tiny plants and animals up, along with any small fish that happen to be around, with their colossal gaping mouths while swimming close to the water's surface.Filter FeedingThe whale shark, like the world's second largest fish, the basking shark, is a filter feeder. In order to eat, the beast juts out its formidably sized jaws and passively filters everything in its path. The mechanism is theorized to be a technique called “cross-flow filtration,” similar to some bony fish and baleen whales.CharacteristicsThe whale shark's flattened head sports a blunt snout above its mouth with short barbels protruding from its nostrils. Its back and sides are gray to brown with white spots among pale vertical and horizontal stripes, and its belly is white. Its two dorsal fins are set rearward on its body, which ends in a large dual-lobbed caudal fin (or tail).PopulationPreferring warm waters, whale sharks populate all tropical seas. They are known to migrate every spring to the continental shelf of the central west coast of Australia. The coral spawning of the area's Ningaloo Reef provides the whale shark with an abundant supply of plankton.Although massive, whale sharks are docile fish and sometimes allow swimmers to hitch a ride. They are currently listed as a vulnerable species; however, they continue to be hunted in parts of Asia, such as the Philippines.1:44WATCH: Putting a Camera on a Whale SharkEngineer Graham Wilhelm joined National Geographic Emerging Explorer Brad Norman on an expedition to Ningaloo Reef, Australia’s longest fringing reef. Their goal was to deploy Crittercams on whale sharks to get a glimpse of the sharks’ underwater world and to better understand their behavior along the reef.Please be respectful of copyright. Unauthorized use is prohibited.Please be respectful of copyright. Unauthorized use is prohibited.Please be respectful of copyright. Unauthorized use is prohibited.Please be respectful of copyright. Unauthorized use is prohibited.Please be respectful of copyright. Unauthorized use is prohibited.Please be respectful of copyright. Unauthorized use is prohibited.Please be respectful of copyright. Unauthorized use is prohibited.Please be respectful of copyright. Unauthorized use is prohibited.Please be respectful of copyright. Unauthorized use is prohibited.Please be respectful of copyright. Unauthorized use is prohibited.Please be respectful of copyright. Unauthorized use is prohibited.Please be respectful of copyright. Unauthorized use is prohibited.Please be respectful of copyright. Unauthorized use is prohibited.1 / 131 / 13This photo was submitted to Your Shot, our photo community on Instagram. Follow us on Instagram at @natgeoyourshot or visit us at natgeo.com/yourshot for the latest submissions and news about the community.This photo was submitted to Your Shot, our photo community on Instagram. 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Whale shark | Size, Diet, & Facts | Britannica

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whale shark

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whale shark

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IntroductionGeneral featuresDistributionBody structureBehaviourFeeding habitsReproduction and longevityInteractions with humans

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Natural History Museum - Whale sharks: Meet the world's biggest shark

Frontiers - Movement, Behavior, and Habitat Use of Whale Sharks (Rhincodon typus) in the Tropical Eastern Pacific Ocean

Florida Museum of Natural History - Whale Shark

National Center for Biotechnology Information - PubMed Central - Whale Shark (Rhincodon typus) Seasonal Occurrence, Abundance and Demographic Structure in the Mid-Equatorial Atlantic Ocean

Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals - Rhincodon typus

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Also known as: Rhincodon typus

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whale shark, (Rhincodon typus), gigantic but harmless shark (family Rhincodontidae) that is the largest living fish. Whale sharks are found in marine environments worldwide but mainly in tropical oceans. They make up the only species of the genus Rhincodon and are classified within the order Orectolobiformes, a group containing the carpet sharks. General features Distribution Whale sharks inhabit warm waters around the world. They are found in the western Atlantic Ocean from the coast of New York in the United States to central Brazil, including the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea. In the eastern Atlantic they occur from the coasts of Senegal, Mauritania, and Cape Verde to the Gulf of Guinea. Whale sharks also inhabit the Indian Ocean and the western and central Pacific. They have appeared off the coast of South Africa and in the Red Sea, as well as near Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Thailand, China, Japan, the Philippines, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, Australia, New Caledonia, and Hawaii. In the eastern Pacific they can be found from southern California in the United States to northern Chile.

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Body structure The whale shark is enormous and reportedly capable of reaching a maximum length of about 18 metres (59 feet). Most specimens that have been studied, however, weighed about 15 tons (about 14 metric tons) and averaged about 12 metres (39 feet) in length. The body coloration is distinctive. Light vertical and horizontal stripes form a checkerboard pattern on a dark background, and light spots mark the fins and dark areas of the body. The head is broad and flat, with a somewhat truncated snout and an immense mouth. Several prominent ridges of hard tissue, often called keels, extend horizontally along each side of the body to the tail. There are five large gill slits on each side of the head region, just above the pectoral fins. Special spongy tissue inside the gill slits that is supported by the shark’s gill arches forms a unique filter used in feeding. A short, rudimentary sensory organ called a barbel hangs from each nostril. The shark has a large front dorsal (top) fin and smaller rear dorsal and anal fins. Behaviour Feeding habits whale sharkWhale shark (Rhincodon typus) swimming with golden trevallies (Gnathanodon speciosus), which ride in front of the filter-feeding shark, protected from predators.(more)Whale shark (Rhincodon typus). The whale shark is one of three large filter-feeding sharks; the others are the megamouth shark (Megachasma pelagios) and the basking shark (Cetorhinus maximus). The whale shark forages for food at or near the surface of the ocean. Its large mouth is well adapted to filter feeding and contains more than 300 rows of small, pointed teeth in each jaw. Ichthyologists consider these teeth to be vestigial structures, and they do not play a role in feeding. As the shark swims with its mouth open, seawater enters the mouth cavity and filters through the gill slits. The meshlike tissue of the internal gill slits acts like a sieve, catching plankton and other small organisms while allowing the water to pass through and return to the sea. Periodically the shark will close its mouth to swallow the trapped prey. The whale shark sometimes feeds with its tail down and its opened mouth pointing up toward the surface, allowing water and food to enter the mouth as the shark bobs up and down. The captured prey includes both zooplankton (small animals such as copepods, shrimp, and other invertebrates) and phytoplankton (such as algae and other marine plant material). The whale shark also eats small and large fish and mollusks, including sardines, anchovies, mackerels, squid, and even small tuna and albacore. Reproduction and longevity Although the whale shark is usually solitary, it is sometimes found in schools of up to hundreds of individuals. These animals are found mainly in the open sea, but they sometimes come near the shore. Although their reproductive biology is not well known, scientists presume that whale sharks give birth to fully formed live young. The smallest free-living whale sharks that have been measured were 55 cm (1.8 feet) long, which is likely their approximate size at birth. Each litter contains about 16 young, but litters of many more are possible. In the mid-1990s a female whose uterus contained nearly 300 young was caught near Taiwan.

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Scientists estimate that the life span of the whale shark ranges from 60 to 100 years. Interactions with humans whale sharkA whale shark (Rhincodon typus) and a snorkeler off the coast of Australia.(more)Whale sharks do not pose a danger to humans. Many individual whale sharks have been approached, examined, and even ridden by divers without showing any sign of aggression. They may, out of curiosity, approach and examine people in the water. Whale sharks have occasionally bumped sportfishing boats, but this is most likely a reaction to the bait being dangled by the anglers above. These sharks are sometimes struck by boats as they swim at or near the surface.

Whale sharks are of little interest in commercial fishing. However, they have been caught accidentally as bycatch in some areas, and they have been caught for food in Pakistan, India, Taiwan, the Philippines, and China, where they are eaten fresh or dried and salted. Since 2016 the whale shark has been listed as endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. This article was most recently revised and updated by John P. Rafferty.

Whale shark

Whale shark

Skip to contentSearchShopGamesPuzzlesActionFunny Fill-InVideosAmazing AnimalsWeird But True!Party AnimalsTry This!AnimalsMammalsBirdsPrehistoricReptilesAmphibiansInvertebratesFishExplore MoreMagazinehistoryScienceSpaceU.S. StatesWeird But True!SubscribemenuFish swim along with a whale shark in western Australia's Ningaloo Marine Park.Jason Edwards / Getty ImagesPlease be respectful of copyright. Unauthorized use is prohibited.AnimalsfishWhale sharkThese enormous fish are found in tropical oceans around the world.ByLaura GoertzelA whale shark the size of a school bus swims slowly near the surface of the ocean. Its wide mouth is open, like an enormous net scooping up whatever happens to be around—mostly small fish, fish eggs, and plants. As the world’s largest fish, this won’t be a short trip—a whale shark needs to travel about 5,000 miles each year to find enough food.Common Name: Whale SharkScientific Name: Rhincodon typusType: FishDiet: CarnivoreGroup Name: SchoolAverage Life Span In The Wild: 70 yearsSize: 18 to 32.8 feetWeight: 20.6 tonsFilter feedingWhale sharks spend nearly eight hours a day gulping around 10,000 gallons of ocean water. At nearly 40 feet long, they seem like they could eat whatever they want. But they’re really after plankton—microscopic plants and animals. The opening of whale shark’s throat is covered with about 20 giant pads that have hundreds of tiny holes. As the seawater goes in, these pads filter out the food, sort of like a colander catching spaghetti while the cooking water drains out. Then the water escapes through the shark’s gills, and the food is pushed down its throat.A whale shark opens its wide mouth to slurp up tiny plankton. Photograph by Sirachai Arunrugstichai / Getty ImagesPlease be respectful of copyright. Unauthorized use is prohibited.Scientists have also observed whale sharks eat while “standing up” in areas with a lot of prey, like large schools of anchovies or other small fish. With its tail pointed toward the ocean floor and its mouth toward the surface, the shark opens and closes its massive four-foot-wide mouth to create suction. The pressure pulls in the surrounding water—along with the fish.A young whale shark feeds on plankton near the water's surface off the coast of Mexico. Photograph by Alex Mustard / NPL / Minden PicturesPlease be respectful of copyright. Unauthorized use is prohibited.Gentle giantsAlthough whale sharks are the third biggest creature in the ocean (after blue whales and fin whales), they’re not aggressive and don’t threaten humans. In fact, researchers and divers often swim right next to them, and the sharks don’t mind a bit.A diver follows a whale shark in the Indian Ocean.Photograph by Gary Bell / Oceanwide / Minden PicturesPlease be respectful of copyright. Unauthorized use is prohibited.Whale sharks mostly swim and feed alone, but scientists have observed them hunting with other species of fish between March and August in western Australia’s Ningaloo Reef. That’s when whale sharks as well as predators like tuna, other sharks, and even birds arrive for a plankton buffet caused by coral spawning and egg laying.Smaller fish try to avoid the predators by swimming in a big ball for protection. That might work against some predators, but the massive-mouthed whale sharks easily gulp up the fish.Spot ’emEach whale shark has a unique pattern of spots and stripes, sort of like your fingerprints. These patterns help scientists keep track of their movements as they migrate through tropical waters, including along the coasts of South Africa, Western Australia, Thailand, and Mexico.The spots and stripes on the backs of whale sharks—like this one off the coast of Mexico—help scientists identify the giant fish.Photograph by Gregory Sweeney / Getty ImagesPlease be respectful of copyright. Unauthorized use is prohibited.Like all sharks, whale sharks don’t have bones. Their skeletons are made of cartilage—the same stuff found in human ears and noses. Cartilage is strong, flexible, and less dense than bone, so it helps sharks swim fast and use less energy.Preserving populationsAdult whale sharks have no known natural predators, though blue marlin and blue sharks prey on younger ones.Humans are the biggest threat to these endangered fish, which are illegally hunted and sold as food and can be injured by large shipping vessels. (Although their rubbery skin can be more than five inches thick, whale sharks can still be injured when fishing boats crash into them.) Their ocean habitat is also threatened by pollution.But thanks in part to protected areas, where it’s against the law to harm whale sharks, scientists hope to see their numbers to rise. These protected regions include Australia, India, the Philippines, and the United States.Scientists are also tagging and tracking the giant fish to learn more about their migration and breeding habits. Learning about whale sharks is an important part of protecting them. (Find out how you can help save oceans.)Fun facts• Whale sharks have tiny teeth that cover their eyeballs, probably to protect the peepers from the harsh ocean habitat. One fish had over 3,000 teeth around its iris!• The oldest-known whale shark is 50 years old, but researchers think the fish might live up to a hundred years.• A whale shark’s mouth has over 3,000 super-small teetharranged in more than 300 rows.Meet more surprising sharks in this story from National Geographic Kids magazine.Read This NextOcean portalExplore animal profiles, games, videos, photos, and more!Weird But True: FishGet Weird But True! facts about fish.10 tips to reduce your plastic useKids vs. Plastic10 tips to reduce your plastic use10 tips to reduce your plastic useSurprising sharksDive in to discover seven species of sharks with mind-blowing traits.LegalTerms of UsePrivacy PolicyYour California Privacy RightsChildren's Online Privacy PolicyInterest-Based AdsAbout Nielsen MeasurementDo Not Sell My InfoOur SitesNational GeographicNational Geographic EducationShop Nat GeoCustomer ServiceJoin UsSubscribeManage Your Subscription Copyright © 1996-2015 National Geographic SocietyCopyright © 2015-2024 National Geographic Partners, LLC. 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!important}.tb-button__link{background-color:#444;border-radius:0.3em;font-size:1.3em;margin-bottom:0.76em;padding:0.55em 1.5em 0.55em} .tb-button[data-toolset-blocks-button="2c6cb7b5fe28a933f260f75e5ef5e0ec"] { text-align: center; } .tb-button[data-toolset-blocks-button="2c6cb7b5fe28a933f260f75e5ef5e0ec"] .tb-button__link { background-color: rgba( 5, 140, 235, 1 );border-radius: 0;color: rgba( 255, 255, 255, 1 );margin-top: 35px;font-size: 16px;color: rgba( 255, 255, 255, 1 ); } .tb-image{position:relative;transition:transform 0.25s ease}.wp-block-image .tb-image.aligncenter{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.tb-image img{max-width:100%;height:auto;width:auto;transition:transform 0.25s ease}.tb-image .tb-image-caption-fit-to-image{display:table}.tb-image .tb-image-caption-fit-to-image .tb-image-caption{display:table-caption;caption-side:bottom} .tb-image[data-toolset-blocks-image="458f9511ab8471f6c729d5f8e8ef3075"] { max-width: 100%; } .tb-button{color:#f1f1f1}.tb-button--left{text-align:left}.tb-button--center{text-align:center}.tb-button--right{text-align:right}.tb-button__link{color:inherit;cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;line-height:100%;text-decoration:none !important;text-align:center;transition:all 0.3s ease}.tb-button__link:hover,.tb-button__link:focus,.tb-button__link:visited{color:inherit}.tb-button__link:hover .tb-button__content,.tb-button__link:focus .tb-button__content,.tb-button__link:visited .tb-button__content{font-family:inherit;font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;letter-spacing:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;text-shadow:inherit;text-transform:inherit}.tb-button__content{vertical-align:middle;transition:all 0.3s ease}.tb-button__icon{transition:all 0.3s ease;display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;font-style:normal !important}.tb-button__icon::before{content:attr(data-font-code);font-weight:normal !important}.tb-button__link{background-color:#444;border-radius:0.3em;font-size:1.3em;margin-bottom:0.76em;padding:0.55em 1.5em 0.55em} .tb-button[data-toolset-blocks-button="6d135e3bd5cc2fea44d95fbcd1a40953"] { text-align: center; } .tb-button[data-toolset-blocks-button="6d135e3bd5cc2fea44d95fbcd1a40953"] .tb-button__link { background-color: rgba( 5, 140, 235, 1 );border-radius: 0;color: rgba( 255, 255, 255, 1 );margin-top: 35px;font-size: 16px;color: rgba( 255, 255, 255, 1 ); } .tb-image{position:relative;transition:transform 0.25s ease}.wp-block-image .tb-image.aligncenter{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.tb-image img{max-width:100%;height:auto;width:auto;transition:transform 0.25s ease}.tb-image .tb-image-caption-fit-to-image{display:table}.tb-image .tb-image-caption-fit-to-image .tb-image-caption{display:table-caption;caption-side:bottom} .tb-image[data-toolset-blocks-image="35d3329c08c968465fed2dd1abb95f41"] { max-width: 100%; } .tb-button{color:#f1f1f1}.tb-button--left{text-align:left}.tb-button--center{text-align:center}.tb-button--right{text-align:right}.tb-button__link{color:inherit;cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;line-height:100%;text-decoration:none !important;text-align:center;transition:all 0.3s ease}.tb-button__link:hover,.tb-button__link:focus,.tb-button__link:visited{color:inherit}.tb-button__link:hover .tb-button__content,.tb-button__link:focus .tb-button__content,.tb-button__link:visited .tb-button__content{font-family:inherit;font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;letter-spacing:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;text-shadow:inherit;text-transform:inherit}.tb-button__content{vertical-align:middle;transition:all 0.3s ease}.tb-button__icon{transition:all 0.3s ease;display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;font-style:normal !important}.tb-button__icon::before{content:attr(data-font-code);font-weight:normal !important}.tb-button__link{background-color:#444;border-radius:0.3em;font-size:1.3em;margin-bottom:0.76em;padding:0.55em 1.5em 0.55em} .tb-button[data-toolset-blocks-button="3ce619a7f57bbfaa54bf29d713fa62b0"] { text-align: center; } .tb-button[data-toolset-blocks-button="3ce619a7f57bbfaa54bf29d713fa62b0"] .tb-button__link { background-color: rgba( 5, 140, 235, 1 );border-radius: 0;color: rgba( 255, 255, 255, 1 );margin-top: 35px;font-size: 16px;color: rgba( 255, 255, 255, 1 ); } .tb-heading[data-toolset-blocks-heading="6e0f982151fa406911b0e9575358bb1a"]  { color: rgba( 5, 140, 235, 1 );margin: 0px 0px 10px 0px; }  .tb-image{position:relative;transition:transform 0.25s ease}.wp-block-image .tb-image.aligncenter{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.tb-image img{max-width:100%;height:auto;width:auto;transition:transform 0.25s ease}.tb-image .tb-image-caption-fit-to-image{display:table}.tb-image .tb-image-caption-fit-to-image .tb-image-caption{display:table-caption;caption-side:bottom} .tb-image[data-toolset-blocks-image="be68d289d98d0bdb03d8e0b68cbf789b"] { max-width: 100%; } .tb-container .tb-container-inner{width:100%;margin:0 auto} .wp-block-toolset-blocks-container.tb-container[data-toolset-blocks-container="901510ee3566f4ec33884c27039af843"] { background: rgba( 255, 255, 255, 1 );padding: 25px; } .tb-container .tb-container-inner{width:100%;margin:0 auto} .wp-block-toolset-blocks-container.tb-container[data-toolset-blocks-container="ed3832aa6201cbec5b1e5b902dc067e2"] { padding: 25px; } .tb-button{color:#f1f1f1}.tb-button--left{text-align:left}.tb-button--center{text-align:center}.tb-button--right{text-align:right}.tb-button__link{color:inherit;cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;line-height:100%;text-decoration:none !important;text-align:center;transition:all 0.3s ease}.tb-button__link:hover,.tb-button__link:focus,.tb-button__link:visited{color:inherit}.tb-button__link:hover .tb-button__content,.tb-button__link:focus .tb-button__content,.tb-button__link:visited .tb-button__content{font-family:inherit;font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;letter-spacing:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;text-shadow:inherit;text-transform:inherit}.tb-button__content{vertical-align:middle;transition:all 0.3s ease}.tb-button__icon{transition:all 0.3s ease;display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;font-style:normal !important}.tb-button__icon::before{content:attr(data-font-code);font-weight:normal !important}.tb-button__link{background-color:#444;border-radius:0.3em;font-size:1.3em;margin-bottom:0.76em;padding:0.55em 1.5em 0.55em} .tb-button[data-toolset-blocks-button="951daad0ae2e1c561041ad63f2adcbdf"] { text-align: center; } .tb-button[data-toolset-blocks-button="951daad0ae2e1c561041ad63f2adcbdf"] .tb-button__link { background-color: rgba( 5, 140, 235, 1 );border-radius: 0;color: rgba( 255, 255, 255, 1 );margin-top: 35px;font-size: 16px;color: rgba( 255, 255, 255, 1 ); } .tb-heading[data-toolset-blocks-heading="6aeea06ddf06487b8060ee51ddd2047e"]  { color: rgba( 5, 140, 235, 1 );padding: 0px;margin: 0px 0px 10px 0px; }  h2.tb-heading[data-toolset-blocks-heading="4b613c152dd56026cc1f3cc485206a7b"]  { font-size: 18px;color: rgba( 5, 140, 235, 1 );text-align: center;margin: 0px 0px 15px 0px; }  h2.tb-heading[data-toolset-blocks-heading="48de4ee620b327de653e894a98896369"]  { font-size: 24px;color: rgba( 5, 140, 235, 1 );text-align: center;margin: 0px 0px 15px 0px; }  .tb-container .tb-container-inner{width:100%;margin:0 auto} .wp-block-toolset-blocks-container.tb-container[data-toolset-blocks-container="49d9384d182ef35d218c0bbf2a69816f"] { background: rgba( 255, 255, 255, 1 );padding: 0px; } .tb-image{position:relative;transition:transform 0.25s ease}.wp-block-image .tb-image.aligncenter{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.tb-image img{max-width:100%;height:auto;width:auto;transition:transform 0.25s ease}.tb-image .tb-image-caption-fit-to-image{display:table}.tb-image .tb-image-caption-fit-to-image .tb-image-caption{display:table-caption;caption-side:bottom} .tb-image[data-toolset-blocks-image="615bd4f5872f267aaf35d2eae3f0acd8"] { max-width: 100%; } .tb-container .tb-container-inner{width:100%;margin:0 auto} .wp-block-toolset-blocks-container.tb-container[data-toolset-blocks-container="c5b9d908d1a34674a4f8442936b70caf"] { background: rgba( 240, 240, 240, 1 );padding: 0px;min-height: 200px;display:ms-flexbox !important;display:flex !important;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center; } .wp-block-toolset-blocks-container.tb-container[data-toolset-blocks-container="c5b9d908d1a34674a4f8442936b70caf"] > .tb-container-inner { max-width: 1200px; } .tb-heading[data-toolset-blocks-heading="43fea84274d34c412dbca866232d491c"]  { font-size: 36px;color: rgba( 5, 140, 235, 1 );text-align: center; }  .tb-container .tb-container-inner{width:100%;margin:0 auto} .wp-block-toolset-blocks-container.tb-container[data-toolset-blocks-container="3e797e8d343969fb993e2548916b61a0"] { padding: 0px 25px 0px 25px; } .wp-block-toolset-blocks-container.tb-container[data-toolset-blocks-container="3e797e8d343969fb993e2548916b61a0"] > .tb-container-inner { max-width: 1200px; } .tb-container .tb-container-inner{width:100%;margin:0 auto} .wp-block-toolset-blocks-container.tb-container[data-toolset-blocks-container="b607e14fccb59b893f47bb5eda70c74e"] { padding: 50px 75px 0px 75px; } .tb-image-slider--carousel{opacity:0;direction:ltr}.tb-image-slider .glide{position:relative}.tb-image-slider .glide__slide{height:auto;position:relative;margin-left:0}.tb-image-slider .glide__slide--clone{cursor:pointer}.tb-image-slider .glide__slide img{width:100%;float:none !important}.tb-image-slider .glide__view{width:100%;transition:opacity 350ms ease-in-out;position:relative}.tb-image-slider .glide__view img{-o-object-fit:contain;object-fit:contain;width:100%;float:none !important}.tb-image-slider .glide__view--fade-out{opacity:0}.tb-image-slider .glide__view--fade-in{opacity:1}.tb-image-slider .glide__arrow{border:none;position:absolute;z-index:10;top:50%;display:inline-flex;justify-content:center;align-items:center;width:40px;height:40px;text-align:center;padding:0;cursor:pointer;transform:translateY(-50%);border-radius:50px;transition:all 0.2s linear;background:rgba(255,255,255,0.7)}.tb-image-slider .glide__arrow:focus{outline:none;box-shadow:0 0 5px #666;background:rgba(255,255,255,0.7);opacity:1}.tb-image-slider .glide__arrow:hover{background:rgba(255,255,255,0.9)}.tb-image-slider .glide__arrow--left{left:5px}.tb-image-slider .glide__arrow--left svg{margin-left:-1px}.tb-image-slider .glide__arrow--left span.tb-slider-left-arrow{display:inline-block;width:25px;height:25px;background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 129 129' width='25' height='25'%3E%3Cg%3E%3Cpath d='m70,93.5c0.8,0.8 1.8,1.2 2.9,1.2 1,0 2.1-0.4 2.9-1.2 1.6-1.6 1.6-4.2 0-5.8l-23.5-23.5 23.5-23.5c1.6-1.6 1.6-4.2 0-5.8s-4.2-1.6-5.8,0l-26.4,26.4c-0.8,0.8-1.2,1.8-1.2,2.9s0.4,2.1 1.2,2.9l26.4,26.4z' fill='%23666'/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.tb-image-slider .glide__arrow--right{right:5px}.tb-image-slider .glide__arrow--right svg{margin-right:-1px}.tb-image-slider .glide__arrow--right span.tb-slider-right-arrow{display:inline-block;width:25px;height:25px;background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 129 129' width='25' height='25'%3E%3Cg%3E%3Cpath d='m51.1,93.5c0.8,0.8 1.8,1.2 2.9,1.2 1,0 2.1-0.4 2.9-1.2l26.4-26.4c0.8-0.8 1.2-1.8 1.2-2.9 0-1.1-0.4-2.1-1.2-2.9l-26.4-26.4c-1.6-1.6-4.2-1.6-5.8,0-1.6,1.6-1.6,4.2 0,5.8l23.5,23.5-23.5,23.5c-1.6,1.6-1.6,4.2 0,5.8z' fill='%23666'/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.tb-image-slider .glide:hover .glide__arrow,.tb-image-slider .glide:focus .glide__arrow{opacity:1}.tb-image-slider--crop .glide__slide img{-o-object-fit:cover;object-fit:cover;height:100% !important}.tb-image-slider .glide__slides{list-style-type:none;padding-left:0;margin-left:auto}.tb-image-slider__caption{position:absolute;bottom:0;width:100%;background:rgba(255,255,255,0.6);text-align:center;color:#333}.tb-image-slider__caption :empty{background:transparent !important;margin:0;padding:0}.tb-image-slider__caption figcaption{padding:5px 2px;margin-top:5px}.tb-container .tb-container-inner{width:100%;margin:0 auto} .wp-block-toolset-blocks-container.tb-container[data-toolset-blocks-container="0caa8658dcc4d1ced35c990d80bd8ac0"] { background: rgba( 240, 240, 240, 1 );padding: 0px 25px 25px 25px;margin: 0px;min-height: 180px; } .wp-block-toolset-blocks-container.tb-container[data-toolset-blocks-container="0caa8658dcc4d1ced35c990d80bd8ac0"] > .tb-container-inner { max-width: 1200px; } .tb-container .tb-container-inner{width:100%;margin:0 auto} .wp-block-toolset-blocks-container.tb-container[data-toolset-blocks-container="1012078f329f6eab9264f916aab94d42"] { background: url('https://oceana.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/18/45_1.jpg') center center no-repeat;background-size:cover;padding: 0px;margin: 0px 0px 50px 0px;min-height: 600px; } .wp-block-toolset-blocks-container.tb-container[data-toolset-blocks-container="1012078f329f6eab9264f916aab94d42"] > .tb-container-inner { max-width: 1200px; } .tb-grid,.tb-grid>.block-editor-inner-blocks>.block-editor-block-list__layout{display:grid;grid-row-gap:25px;grid-column-gap:25px}.tb-grid-item{background:#d38a03;padding:30px}.tb-grid-column{flex-wrap:wrap}.tb-grid-column>*{width:100%}.tb-grid-column.tb-grid-align-top{width:100%;display:flex;align-content:flex-start}.tb-grid-column.tb-grid-align-center{width:100%;display:flex;align-content:center}.tb-grid-column.tb-grid-align-bottom{width:100%;display:flex;align-content:flex-end} .wp-block-toolset-blocks-grid.tb-grid[data-toolset-blocks-grid="a85b50cc9ae4dbb2d9ea139061321d4a"] { grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 0.25fr) minmax(0, 0.25fr) minmax(0, 0.25fr) minmax(0, 0.25fr);grid-column-gap: 0px;grid-row-gap: 0px;grid-auto-flow: row } .wp-block-toolset-blocks-grid.tb-grid[data-toolset-blocks-grid="a85b50cc9ae4dbb2d9ea139061321d4a"] > .tb-grid-column:nth-of-type(4n + 1) { grid-column: 1 } .wp-block-toolset-blocks-grid.tb-grid[data-toolset-blocks-grid="a85b50cc9ae4dbb2d9ea139061321d4a"] > .tb-grid-column:nth-of-type(4n + 2) { grid-column: 2 } .wp-block-toolset-blocks-grid.tb-grid[data-toolset-blocks-grid="a85b50cc9ae4dbb2d9ea139061321d4a"] > .tb-grid-column:nth-of-type(4n + 3) { grid-column: 3 } .wp-block-toolset-blocks-grid.tb-grid[data-toolset-blocks-grid="a85b50cc9ae4dbb2d9ea139061321d4a"] > .tb-grid-column:nth-of-type(4n + 4) { grid-column: 4 } .wp-block-toolset-blocks-grid-column.tb-grid-column[data-toolset-blocks-grid-column="c8019642ee11758760164969144e4fcc"] { background-color: rgba( 5, 139, 235, 0.86 );padding: 25px 25px 45px 25px;display: flex; } h2.tb-heading[data-toolset-blocks-heading="58fd2b3d69a510edbd9919ca35a14bf3"]  { font-size: 22px;color: rgba( 34, 34, 34, 1 );margin: 0px; }  .tb-container .tb-container-inner{width:100%;margin:0 auto} .wp-block-toolset-blocks-container.tb-container[data-toolset-blocks-container="76b9e19aebd78b467b04c64acfe33167"] { padding: 0px; } .tb-heading[data-toolset-blocks-heading="b5f7c0517fee849ab072c7dd426533d0"]  { font-size: 18px;line-height: 22px;color: rgba( 255, 255, 255, 1 ); }  h2.tb-heading[data-toolset-blocks-heading="f2effd13d3cf8020675c552d2df2d9d3"]  { font-size: 22px;color: rgba( 34, 34, 34, 1 );margin: 0px; }  .wp-block-toolset-blocks-grid-column.tb-grid-column[data-toolset-blocks-grid-column="3034fbe886c11054e95b46b09d3e4112"] { display: flex; } .tb-heading[data-toolset-blocks-heading="e6a7fa752e40fab5a77af0a6aa37d60b"]  { font-size: 22px;font-style: italic;color: rgba( 178, 178, 190, 1 );text-align: center;background-color: rgba( 240, 240, 240, 1 );margin: 0px 0px 50px 0px; }  .tb-heading[data-toolset-blocks-heading="e6a7fa752e40fab5a77af0a6aa37d60b"] a  { color: rgba( 178, 178, 190, 1 ); } .tb-heading[data-toolset-blocks-heading="88cafe17bb4550f107bca628d6c8f741"]  { font-size: 36px;color: rgba( 34, 34, 34, 1 );text-align: center;margin: 0px 0px 25px 0px; }  h2.tb-heading[data-toolset-blocks-heading="ea3e1f34b27aa843ef6bedb8662f437e"]  { font-size: 28px;color: rgba( 5, 140, 235, 1 );text-align: center;margin: 0px 0px 25px 0px; }  h2.tb-heading[data-toolset-blocks-heading="9dfcca85e765dc6085eeecdcb70ebc15"]  { font-size: 26px;color: rgba( 5, 140, 235, 1 );text-align: center;margin: 40px 0px 25px 0px; }  .tb-container .tb-container-inner{width:100%;margin:0 auto} .wp-block-toolset-blocks-container.tb-container[data-toolset-blocks-container="000b6742be7697839b08a19dbbf70771"] { padding: 0px;margin-bottom: 0px; } .tb-container .tb-container-inner{width:100%;margin:0 auto} .wp-block-toolset-blocks-container.tb-container[data-toolset-blocks-container="57f1ba51bdcc5ed0bbcb5ac0ebec7991"] { padding: 0px;margin: 0px;border-top: 2px solid rgba( 239, 240, 240, 1 );border-bottom: 1px solid rgba( 240, 240, 240, 1 );min-height: 10px; } .wp-block-toolset-blocks-container.tb-container[data-toolset-blocks-container="57f1ba51bdcc5ed0bbcb5ac0ebec7991"] > .tb-container-inner { max-width: 100%; } .tb-container .tb-container-inner{width:100%;margin:0 auto} .wp-block-toolset-blocks-container.tb-container[data-toolset-blocks-container="25692ef3eb86edee5c0347eb26c779de"] { padding: 0px;margin: 0px; } @media only screen and (max-width: 781px) { .tb-container .tb-container-inner{width:100%;margin:0 auto}.tb-grid,.tb-grid>.block-editor-inner-blocks>.block-editor-block-list__layout{display:grid;grid-row-gap:25px;grid-column-gap:25px}.tb-grid-item{background:#d38a03;padding:30px}.tb-grid-column{flex-wrap:wrap}.tb-grid-column>*{width:100%}.tb-grid-column.tb-grid-align-top{width:100%;display:flex;align-content:flex-start}.tb-grid-column.tb-grid-align-center{width:100%;display:flex;align-content:center}.tb-grid-column.tb-grid-align-bottom{width:100%;display:flex;align-content:flex-end} .wp-block-toolset-blocks-grid.tb-grid[data-toolset-blocks-grid="c7a07594961674b74614e4015b31dd1c"] { grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 0.3333fr) minmax(0, 0.3333fr) minmax(0, 0.3333fr);grid-auto-flow: row } .wp-block-toolset-blocks-grid.tb-grid[data-toolset-blocks-grid="c7a07594961674b74614e4015b31dd1c"] > .tb-grid-column:nth-of-type(3n + 1) { grid-column: 1 } .wp-block-toolset-blocks-grid.tb-grid[data-toolset-blocks-grid="c7a07594961674b74614e4015b31dd1c"] > .tb-grid-column:nth-of-type(3n + 2) { 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Cephalopods, Crustaceans & Other Shellfish

Corals & Other Invertebrates

Marine Mammals

Marine Science & Ecosystems

Ocean Fishes

Sea Turtles & Reptiles

Seabirds

Sharks & Rays

Marine Life Encyclopedia

Sharks & Rays

Whale Shark

Rhincodon typus

Distribution

Worldwide in tropical latitudes

eCOSYSTEM/HABITAT

Coastal to open ocean (pelagic); sometimes aggregate around specific reefs or beaches

FEEDING HABITS

Filter feeder

TAXONOMY

Class Chondrichthyes, Order Orectolobiformes (carpet sharks), Family Rhincodontidae (whale sharks)

 

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 up to 40 feet long, or the size of a school bus, the whale shark is the largest fish in the world.  These huge sharks are characterized by their broad and flattened heads as well as the unique “checkerboard” color pattern on their sides and back of light spots and stripes on a dark shade of gray, blue and brown. Whale sharks are highly migratory animals and are found through all tropical and warm temperate seas, apart from the Mediterranean.

Despite their large size, whale sharks are filter feeders and feed on tiny prey such as plankton, small crustaceans, and schooling fish. A five-foot wide mouth with filtering pads inside allows whale sharks to feed by sucking in mouthfuls of water and straining out the prey. While whale sharks are usually solitary animals, they will sometimes aggregate during feeding events such as fish spawning. Whale sharks are highly migratory, and it is thought that their movement is associated both with abundance of food in the area as well as breeding behaviors.

Scientists are still researching the life cycle of whale sharks, but it is believed that male whale sharks begin maturing around 17 years old and females around 19-22 years old. Females give birth to live pups, with litter sizes reportedly ranging to over 300 individuals. Whale shark pups are vulnerable to many predators including blue sharks and blue marlin when small, but once mature, whale sharks have few natural predators. However, the species is vulnerable to being caught as bycatch in nets as well as being fished for their meat and fins. The lack of enforcement of whale shark protection policies also contributes to the whale shark’s listing as endangered on the IUCN Red List.

 

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Photo-ID and telemetry highlight a global whale shark hotspot in Palawan, Philippines | Scientific Reports

Photo-ID and telemetry highlight a global whale shark hotspot in Palawan, Philippines | Scientific Reports

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Photo-ID and telemetry highlight a global whale shark hotspot in Palawan, Philippines

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Open access

Published: 20 November 2019

Photo-ID and telemetry highlight a global whale shark hotspot in Palawan, Philippines

Gonzalo Araujo 

ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-4708-36381, Ariana Agustines1, Brian Tracey1, Sally Snow1, Jessica Labaja1 & …Alessandro Ponzo1 Show authors

Scientific Reports

volume 9, Article number: 17209 (2019)

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Animal migrationConservation biology

AbstractThe Philippines is home to the second largest known population of whale sharks in the world. The species is listed as endangered due to continued population declines in the Indo-Pacific. Knowledge about the connectivity within Southeast Asia remains poor, and thus international management is difficult. Here, we employed pop-up archival tags, data mining and dedicated effort to understand an aggregation of whale sharks at Honda Bay, Palawan, Philippines, and its role in the species' conservation. Between Apr and Oct 2018, we conducted 159 surveys identifying 117 individual whale sharks through their unique spot patterns (96.5% male, mean 4.5 m). A further 66 individual whale sharks were identified from local operators, and data mined on social media platforms. The satellite telemetry data showed that the whale sharks moved broadly, with one individual moving to Sabah, Malaysia, before returning to the site <1 year later. Similarly, another tagged whale shark returned to the site at a similar periodicity after reaching the Malay-Filipino border. One individual whale shark first identified in East Kalimantan, Indonesia by a citizen scientist was resighted in Honda Bay ~3.5 years later. Honda Bay is a globally important site for the endangered whale shark with connectivity to two neighbouring countries, highlighting the need for international cooperation to manage the species.

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IntroductionThe whale shark Rhincodon typus Smith 1828 is the world’s largest extant fish, capable of reaching a maximum size of 19.6 m in length1. It inhabits tropical and warm temperate waters2, and aggregates to feed in numbers of up to a few hundred3. These predictable aggregations occur at various sites across the globe to prey on sergestid shrimps (e.g. Mafia Island, Tanzania4; Bahia de Los Angeles, Mexico5), fish spawn (e.g. Belize6; Qatar7; Caribbean Mexico8), coral spawn (e.g. Ningaloo Reef9), or on provisioned food (e.g. Oslob, Philippines10; Cenderawasih Bay, Indonesia11) amongst others.The whale shark is listed as ‘Endangered’ under the IUCN Red list of Threatened Species12 due to declining population numbers, particularly in the Indo-Pacific region. Though the species is protected nationally in countries that used to operate targeted fisheries (e.g. Taiwan, India, Philippines), concerns remain from ongoing fisheries in the south of China where over 1,000 animals are reportedly landed yearly in the Hainan province alone13, and a Wild Life Risk report where a single shark processing factory in the Zhejiang province processed up to 600 whale sharks per year14. These numbers are substantial considering, for example, that in 22 years (1992–2014) of photographic identification at Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia, a total of 1,082 individuals were identified15. The species was listed into Appendix I of the Convention on Migratory Species in 2017, highlighting the need for international efforts to enhance their conservation, given crucial gaps in our knowledge of their life history and the decline in numbers observed across multiple sites (CMS/UNEP/CoP12, 2017).Documented whale shark aggregations are normally dominated by juvenile males ranging from 4 to 8 m in length2, with the exception of Darwin, Galapagos Islands16, and Baja California17, where adult females are frequently sighted. In the Arabian Gulf, a high proportion of adult males and females were reported at an offshore aggregation in Qatar7, and at St Helena Island in the South Atlantic18. Similarly, whale sharks visiting Donsol in the Philippines had a high proportion of mature males (53%)19. Assuming an expected 1:1 birth ratio as observed in Taiwan20, no data is available as to the whereabouts of juvenile females, with the exception of Saudi Arabia’s Red Sea where the first known 1:1 juvenile aggregation was reported21. The occurrence of neonates is negligible with very few encounters across the world documented to date, those of which come mostly from fisheries interactions22,23. Shifts in ontogenetic habitat use are important to help identify critical habitats for this endangered species, particularly if international boundaries are crossed.The whale shark has a unique spot pattern that allows for the identification of uniquely marked individuals through photographic identification (photo-ID), and subsequently for mark-recapture studies24. Photo-ID is a cost-effective minimally invasive technique used to describe population dynamics25. These methods have now been employed to understand population dynamics at most whale shark sites across the globe (e.g. Ningaloo Reef9; Qatar7). Specifically, modified maximum likelihood methods can be employed to elucidate their lagged identification rate (LIR), defined as the probability of recapturing an animal after a certain time lag26, to understand their local ecology. This approach uses the identification data itself, including from several sources27, to estimate various population parameters such as population size, residency, mortality, etc. The surface-dwelling and slow-moving nature of the whale shark, coupled with its unique individual spot patterns24, makes it an ideal candidate species for citizen science projects25,28. Citizen science, by which the general public is enlisted to participate in scientific projects, is a powerful tool that can help monitor ecological and environmental factors, respond to crises, or inform management actions on a local, regional or global scale29,30,31,32,33. In marine megafauna species, citizen science has been used to understand abundance and demographics, distribution, and threats amongst others (e.g. reef sharks34, wobbegong shark35; humpback whales36; green turtles37). In whale sharks specifically, citizen science and data mining contributions have aided the understanding of their habitat use and connectivity across different countries, demographics and life-history traits15,27,38. Data can also be extracted by mining historical social media posts (e.g. ©YouTube, ©Facebook), and thus also contribute to scientific projects19,27,28.Telemetry can complement photo-ID and help understand habitat use and movements, as has been shown in whale sharks. In Madagascar, Diamant et al.38 satellite-tracked eight juvenile whale sharks to identify unknown foraging grounds, and photo-ID was used to understand periodicity at the site and connectivity to other regional sites where dedicated photo-ID programmes are active. Robinson et al.39 showed how whale sharks in the Arabian Gulf spent the majority of their time within the Gulf with annual returnees to the site, and strong site fidelity to the tagging site. Rohner et al.40 tracked whale sharks in the Mozambique coastline making regular international movements to South Africa, and Hearn et al.41 showed the long-distance movement of adult females from the Galapagos Islands. Telemetry can thus be employed to help our understanding of an endangered species, their habitat preference and use, local and afar movements, and any connectivity to other countries— essential data for their effective management.The Bohol Sea, Philippines, was an active whale shark hunting ground until the late 1990s when the species was nationally protected (FAO 193, Department of Agriculture). Alava et al.42 reported ca. 500 whale sharks landed between 1993 and 1997 at just two localities, with a decrease in CPUE between these years. Following the ban on whale shark hunting, tourism endeavours started in the country, with Donsol, Sorsogon Province, leading the way43. The site quickly attracted up to 27,000 tourists per season19. Another ecotourism initiative started in Pintuyan, Southern Leyte, in 2006, with varying seasonal occurrence of whale sharks from December to June44. These tourism endeavours were masked by a different kind of whale shark tourism that emerged in Oslob, Cebu, where whale sharks are provisioned daily, year-round, and now receives >500,000 tourists a year [10, Oslob Tourist Logbook 2019]. Whale sharks are also seasonally (Mar-Jun) reported at Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park (TRNP) in the Sulu Sea and recent evidence suggest these sharks move broadly through the region45. Some evidence of whale sharks in Honda Bay, Palawan, exists through reports of sightings in September and October, as well as direct take, though nothing suggests this was an ongoing targeted fishery for the species46.Here, we investigate the population dynamics of whale sharks in Honda Bay, Palawan, Philippines, and its relevance globally. We use pop-up archival tags to understand regional movements and habitat use, and data mining with dedicated photo-ID effort to estimate population size and residency through modified maximum likelihood methods. We discuss how these can inform conservation and management initiatives for this endangered species in the region.ResultsUsing dedicated effort and data mined from different sources, we identified a total of 183 individual whale sharks, of which 109 were male following clasper inspection and 4 were female, and 70 whose sex could not be determined. There was a considerable male bias for those sexed individuals (96.5% male; χ2 = 59.9, P < 0.001). The estimated total length (TL) of individually identified whale sharks was 4.46 ± 1.08 m (range 2.25–8.00 m). Only one male was considered mature based on clasper visual inspection, estimated at 8.00 m TL.Survey effort and photo-IDWe conducted a total of 159 surveys between Apr 26 and Oct 21, 2018, encountering at least one individual whale shark on 63% of surveys. Surveys conducted onboard tourist boats encountered at least one whale shark on 89% of instances while those from the pumpboat encountered at least one whale shark on 49% of the surveys. Pumpboat surveys lasted an average of 04 hr 58 min, covering an average of 45.3 km, whereas surveys onboard tourist boats lasted 05 hr 35 min covering 69.7 km. Overall, we had a total of 507 whale shark encounters leading to 419 photo identifications with 117 individual whale sharks, with a mean of 2.6 successful encounters (identified individual whale shark) per survey. All whale sharks were encountered within the southern half of Honda Bay (Fig. 1b).Figure 1Map of the Philippines (a) and of Honda Bay in Palawan (b). The green dots represent whale shark encounters between Apr and Oct 2018. The red stars represent the survey start points.Full size imageData mining and other sourcesIn total, we extracted a total of 230 images yielding 106 unique IDs. Of these, 66 were unique left IDs assigned as newly identified individuals to the Philippines database on ‘Wildbook for Whale Sharks’ (Supplementary Table 1). A further 20 identification images were used from preliminary work by the Authors (May–Jun 2016, n = 10) and those collected during the whale shark tagging in Jul 2017 (n = 10). These 86 unique records were used to provide temporal information of whale sharks in Honda Bay.Movements from Photo-IDOne whale shark first reported at Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park (TRNP, ~160 km SE of Honda Bay) on Apr 15 2015 was resighted in Honda Bay on May 21 2016. Another whale shark first reported in TRNP in May 2003 (date unspecified) was resighted in Honda Bay on Oct 20 2008. Two whale sharks identified in Honda Bay were matched to Oslob, Cebu (~500 km E of Honda Bay). Individual P-745 was first identified in Oslob on Nov 24 2014 and resighted in Honda Bay on Apr 24 2016 by a citizen scientist. Individual P-730 was first identified in Oslob on Oct 06 2014 and resighted in Honda Bay on Oct 07 2018 whilst on survey.More interestingly, individual ID-051, a 3 m male, was first identified in East Kalimantan, Indonesia on Dec 29 2013 by a citizen scientist who submitted the encounter to Wildbook for Whale Sharks, and was resighted in Honda Bay on Oct 19 2018 whilst on survey. On this occasion the shark was visually estimated to measure 4 m TL. This represents the first international whale shark match between the Philippines and Indonesia using photo-ID.Lagged identification rate and residencyModel H (Table 1) best fitted the empirical data through a combination of mortality, emigration, reimmigration and residency parameters. The LIR declined quickly following initial identification (Fig. 2) and continued to decline before rising after mean 92.9 days, then again after mean 362.0 days, and 738.3 days, and never quite reaching zero after 1,539.2 days. The model estimated a mean 41.1 ± 13.5 whale sharks at the study site at any one time, residing a mean 6.4 ± 2.9 days within the study area, whilst spending 58.2 ± 25.5 days outside. Mortality or permanent emigration rate was estimated at 0.00097 ± 0.00056.Table 1 Model results for modified maximum likelihood methods using parameters to test for population closure, mortality or permanent emigration, reimmigration and residency as preset in program SOCPROG 2.752.Full size tableFigure 2Estimated lagged identification rate for whale sharks at Honda Bay based on modified maximum likelihood methods adapted from Whitehead26.Full size imageWhale shark trackingOnly five of the ten miniPAT tags popped up and transmitted any data. The five sharks were tracked for a mean 136.6 ± 51.3 days (range 61–200 days). Of these 5, data transmission was very limited (summary in Table 2), and none were physically retrieved. Four of the 5 tracked individuals (P-1346, P-1128, P-1126, P-1123) moved south between deployment and pop-up date (Fig. 3). Given the limited data transmitted, and the spatial accuracy of these tags (~50 km), the movement presented here is an estimate and not absolute (an animation with 50%, 95% and 99% confidence intervals is presented as Supplementary Video 1). However, it is clear that these tracked animals moved south during the overall tracking period (Fig. 3). Individual P-1125 was tracked for a total of 200 days and transmitted more complete data packages of its locations. The animal appears to have first moved northeast towards Cuyo Islands in the northern Sulu Sea, before returning south via the Cagayancillo archipelago and TRNP, where the tagged popped-up southeast of Honda Bay (Fig. 3).Table 2 Summary of whale sharks tagged in Honda Bay, Palawan, with pop-archival tags in July 2017.Full size tableFigure 3Estimated most probable track of five whale sharks tagged in Honda Bay, Palawan, Philippines in Jul 2017 using light locations. Note that only tags from whale sharks P-1126 and P-1125 transmitted sufficient light level data points to estimate short-term horizontal movement. An animation with confidence intervals is attached as Supplementary Video 1.Full size imageAt least three of the five tracked whale sharks returned to Honda Bay. Two from the animals that transmitted data (P-1125 and P-1128; Fig. 3), and P-1122 which was resighted by citizen scientists on the Oct 30 2017 still carrying a heavily fouled tag (Table 3). Individual P-1396 was resighted in Honda Bay during whale shark surveys on the Jul 7 2018 not carrying the tag and no obvious scarring to the naked eye.Table 3 Whale sharks initially tagged in Honda Bay and resighted at the tagging site.Full size tableAt least one whale shark (P-1346) moved to Malaysian waters, to Lahad Datu Bay in north-eastern Sabah, Borneo (Fig. 3). Individual P-1128 appeared to have been following a similar path, but the tag popped up northeast of the Turtle Islands, near the Malay-Filipino border. Both P-1128 and P-1346 were resighted in Honda Bay on May 23 and 28 2018 respectively during whale shark surveys (Table 3), representing the first confirmed international return of whale sharks in Asia.Time-at-depthA total of 404 12-hr time at depth (TAD) histograms were received from all five tags. Sharks used all depth bins, including the deepest (1,000–2,000 m). Whale sharks spent the majority of their time in the epipelagic zone (96.6%), with the majority of this time spent at the top 5 m (35.4%), followed by the 30–60 m bin (18.7%), the 15–30 m bin (15.3%) and the 5–15 m (14.9%; Fig. 4). Overall sharks displayed some difference in their TAD patterns; however, differences in the number of histograms transmitted per tag differed greatly (range 13–180).Figure 4Time-at-depth of histograms received from 5 sharks, combined.Full size imageTime-at-temperatureA total of 411 12-hr time at temperature (TAT) histograms were transmitted from all five tags (Fig. 5). Sharks utilised all temperature bins between 5–10 °C and 32.5–45 °C. Sharks spent the majority of their time (76.7%) in the 27.5–30 °C bin, corresponding with the TAD of 0–60 m depth use. Overall, sharks spent only 5% of their time in waters <20 °C, with some time spent (3.3%) at temperatures <15 °C.Figure 5Time-at-temperature of histograms received from 5 sharks, combined.Full size imageDivingTo estimate the vertical velocity during descent, we selected dives that were characterised by a clear V-shape, and where sharks went from shallower water (<50 m) to >500 m deep. Given the gaps in the time-series data transmitted (intervals of 7.5–10 min), we present estimates that are indicative of the minimum vertical velocity of descent for sharks P-1125, P-1126 and P-1128. A total of 11 dives >500 m were recorded amongst these three sharks (range 516–1,009.5 m). The mean descent vertical velocity was estimated at 0.32 ± 0.29 ms−1 (range 0.004–0.988 ms−1). For individual P-1128, all dives >500 m (n = 7) took place between 04:40 pm and 07:40 am, whereas individual P-1126 only dive >500 m took place at 12:52 pm, and P-1125 dives were at 07:00 am, 03:30 pm and 10:00 pm.A total of 189 deep dives (>200 m) were performed by sharks P-1125, P-1126 and P-1128 between Jul 22 2017 and Jan 18 2018. Two thirds (67.7%) of these dives were performed between 06:00 pm and 05:59 am, with the remainder of deep dives (32.3%) taking place between 06:00 am and 05:59 pm, daylight hours in the region. Most deep dives were transmitted from individual P-1125 (98), consistently performing a third (34.7%) of deep dives during between 06:00 am and 05:59 pm. Some periodicity was observed in the temporal deep diving of all sharks, with marked absences of deep dives (Supplementary Fig. 3).DiscussionHonda Bay, Palawan, is a globally important whale shark hotspot with 117 individuals identified in a single season through dedicated photo-ID, and a further 66 identified through data mined from social media platforms and other sources. This small juvenile, male-dominated aggregation appears to occur seasonally between Apr and Oct, with some individuals returning yearly to feed on small fishes and krill. Through photo-ID, individuals were matched to other sites in the Philippines. Combined with satellite telemetry, we report the first international return movement of whale sharks in Asia, with one individual moving to Lahad Datu in Malaysian Borneo through the Tawi-Tawi Kinabatangan strait, and returning to Honda Bay less than a year later. A second shark was also tracked to the edge of the Malay-Filipino border in the south Sulu Sea, and the animal returned to Honda Bay ca. a year later. Two other tags also moved to the southern Sulu Sea, and the fifth tag that transmitted travelled north before returning to the central Sulu Sea. We also report the first photo-ID match between the Philippines and Indonesia by that of a small male identified in East Kalimantan, Indonesian Borneo, in late 2013, and resighted in Honda Bay during our 2018 seasonal work.Photo-ID was effectively employed to identify 183 individual whale sharks at Honda Bay, with a significant contribution (36%) from the general public as citizen scientists. The slow-swimming, and relatively benign nature of the whale shark makes it easy to photograph these animals underwater28, however, the quality of the photographs needs improving. The number of identification images usable from the number of encounters obtained through other data sources was relatively low (66 out of 230). An educational process to the tourists, perhaps as part of the interaction briefing, about the importance of collecting photo-ID data and how they can independently submit their encounters to Wildbook for Whale Sharks, would maximise data collection15. Not only can the data be used for mark-recapture models, but it can also provide insight into the size, sex and threats (e.g. propeller cuts, rope entanglement) individual whale sharks are exposed to.Whale sharks visiting Honda Bay were mostly juveniles (mean 4.5 m total length), similar to that observed in Djibuti (3.7 m)47, Saudi Arabia (4.3 m)21, Bahia de la Paz, MX (4 m)17, Taiwan (4.6 m)48 and Christmas Island (4.6 m)49. They are however considerably smaller than whale sharks observed elsewhere in the Philippines as estimated visually (Cebu, 5.5 m10, Southern Leyte, 5.7 m27, Donsol, 6.5 m19), and at other Indo-Pacific aggregations like Mozambique (6.7 m)50, Qatar (6.9 m)7 or the Galapagos Islands (10.4 m)41. It appears Honda Bay might play a role in the developmental stage of these small juvenile whale sharks, particularly for males (96.5% of identified individuals). Only one adult male was observed, suggesting this is unlikely a mating ground for the species, but rather a targeted or opportunistic foraging ground.Honda Bay is a globally important site for whale sharks, with maximum likelihood methods estimating a mean ~41 whale sharks at any one time within the survey area. Using similar methods, Araujo et al.27 estimated a mean ~16 individual whale sharks at Panaon Island in Southern Leyte, McCoy et al.19 a mean ~53 whale sharks at Donsol, Sorsogon, and daily, year-round effort at Oslob, Cebu, had a mean of 18.6 whale sharks weekly51. Similarly, Prebble et al.52 estimated ~35 whale sharks at Mafia Island, Tanzania, ~51 whale sharks at Mozambique and ~116 at an offshore aggregation in Qatar. Cochran et al.21 estimated ~21 individual whale sharks at a juvenile aggregation in Saudi Arabia (Red Sea) and Fox et al.53 estimated ~5 whale sharks at Utila, Honduras. The numbers observed in Honda Bay are comparatively significant and makes it the second largest aggregation in the Philippines, an important factor given the various laws governing the species nationally and the history of targeted hunting here42.Whale sharks were encountered active feeding in small tuna boils, targeting the same prey the tunas were. We identified the main species as the Philippine anchovy Encrasicholina oligobranchus, although other species were probably present throughout the season. On occasion, the sharks were encountered feeding on krill species together with other filter feeders including Mobula birostris, M. kuhlii and M. japanica, and Balaenoptera edeni (Authors, unpub. data). These co-occurrences with other megafauna highlight a high degree of prey availability in the area. It is yet unclear if the sharks visit Honda Bay to specifically forage on small fishes or krill, or perhaps both. Their low resighting rate within season, and the low estimated residency as calculated through modified maximum likelihood methods, suggests these whale sharks might visit Honda Bay to opportunistically forage on available prey, before moving elsewhere. Interestingly peaks in productivity as inferred from chl-α are highest between Nov and Feb, like in Lahad Datu, Malaysia, to the south, and like in the Bohol Sea to the east (Authors, unpub. data54), and thus it remains unclear the main drivers for these long-distance movements. Unlike other coastal sites where whale sharks are known to spend considerable amounts of time as explained through their lagged identification rate (e.g. ~31 d, Mafia Island, Tanzania52 ~27 d, Pintuyan, Southern Leyte27; ~50 d, Donsol, Luzon19), whale sharks visiting Honda Bay appear to be short-term visitors as that observed in Honduras (~12 d)53, the Red Sea (~12 d)21 or Mozambique (~5 d)52. Further work into their detailed habitat use whilst in Honda Bay will elucidate this, and perhaps molecular approaches to better understand their foraging ecology52.Only five of the ten tags deployed transmitted data. This failure has been reported in pop-up archival tags before with studies reporting ~50% transmission success55. This is a considerable rate of failure given the cost of these tags, satellite time, field costs involved, and the invasiveness on the target animals. Individual P-1122 was resighted 103 days after tagging still carrying the tag. It looked heavily fouled and that tag failed to report altogether. It could perhaps be a fouling issue by which the tags become too heavy to pop-up, or even to detach altogether from the animal. Similarly, individual P-1396 was resighted 350 days after tagging (tag never reported) but with no tether and no obvious scar to the naked eye, suggesting the tag, tether and anchor might have been pulled out. Given the cost of these tags and the animal welfare implications, careful considerations should be made given their poor success at least in this region. Nonetheless, results yielding conservation and management implications can arguably outweigh invasive methods employed such as drag from fouled tags or tag deployment. Araujo et al.45 deployed towed SPOT5 tags on 17 juveniles and obtained basin-wide connectivity data as well as more detailed habitat use data for coastal areas, albeit a shorter tracking time (~64 days). Perhaps an adaptation of these tags (e.g. dorsal fin clamp56, or dorsal fin tether57) might yield better results.Time-at-temperature reported herein is similar (66–77%) to that reported elsewhere for juvenile whale sharks in the tropics38,39,45, yet warmer than that reported for whale sharks at cooler aggregations40,55,58. Interestingly, at localities with higher average water temperatures, size at which 50% of males reach maturity was reportedly smaller (7.0 m, Gulf of Mexico8; 7.3 m, Qatar7; 6.8 m, Philippines19) than that at more temperate localities (8.1 m, Ningaloo Reef59; 9.2 m, western Indian Ocean50). Perhaps juvenile sharks spending the majority of their time in warmer, steadier conditions, allow for faster growth and development60. Further investigation into the growth, temperature and the effects of global ocean warming on this endangered species are necessary.The mean vertical velocity estimated herein for dives >500 m deep was 0.32 ms−1 (max. 0.99 ms−1) for 3 sharks of mean 4 m TL. Tyminski et al.61 reported a mean of 0.68 ms−1 in the Gulf of Mexico for 5 sharks ranging from 6–8.5 m TL, with a maximum of 1.83 ms−1 descent vertical velocity on a 7.5 m individual. Arguably, these sharks were ca. double in size from the ones reported herein which could explain the slower descent velocity. The difference in descent vertical velocity between the two studies could also be a consequence of the sampling rate employed where here we used 7.5–10 min intervals, and Tyminski et al.61 employed 3 s intervals. This discrepancy in the sensitivity of the data could also explain the slower descent speeds reported here. However, using 5 s intervals at Oslob, Cebu, vertical velocities were slower to those reported herein on similar sized sharks (Authors, unpub. data). It is possible that the speed of descents is dependent on the reason for these deep dives and, for example, a predatory avoidance dive (e.g. leatherback turtle62) will likely be at a higher speed than an exploratory dive63.Time-at-depth (97% < 200 m) was similar to that observed in the southern Red Sea (~90% < 200 m64), at an offshore aggregation in Qatar (~79% < 50 m39), the Seychelles (96% < 100 m65), and the Gulf of Mexico (~90% < 200 m61). These results are consistent in describing the whale shark as primarily an epipelagic species. However, whale sharks are known to forage deeply and spend considerable amounts of time at deeper waters (e.g. Mozambique63; Red Sea64; Gulf of Mexico61; Arabian Gulf39; Philippines45). Deep-diving (>200 m) behaviour was observed more frequently during the night (68%) consistent with Araujo et al.45, Wilson et al.58 and with Tyminski et al.61 when the sharks were inshore of the Yucatan Peninsula. Interestingly there were prolonged periods of no deep-diving behaviour at all (Supplementary Fig. 3) that is likely associated with coastal, shallow habitats where there are no adjacent waters >200 m deep, such as Honda Bay. The diel vertical movement is believed to be linked with foraging opportunities2,58, in this case, when the sharks are in Honda Bay without access to deep-waters, they stay on the shelf, yet when they leave they likely perform more regular deep dives, and this could explain the periodicity in deep-diving behaviour reported here.ConclusionsOur results highlight Honda Bay as a global hotspot for the endangered whale shark where they visit seasonally to feed on small fishes and krill. We used archival tags coupled with photo identification to understand the movements of whale sharks from this area, and report the first international return migration in Asia using these techniques. We demonstrate the usefulness of monitoring social media platforms to generate data on endangered species, and encourage the education of tourists at whale shark hotspots through citizen science programmes to aid monitoring efforts15. Coupled with the occurrence of other threatened, endangered and protected (ETP) species, Honda Bay has been declared a Marine Key Biodiversity Area. Understanding critical habitats for whale sharks is one conservation priority for the species12, and here we provided evidence that supports Honda Bay as an important habitat, and the strait between Tawi-tawi (PH) and Lahad Datu (MY) as an important migratory corridor for the species.The whale shark has been protected in the Philippines since 1998 (FAO 193), and in Malaysia since 1999 (Fisheries Regulation of 1999), with a general understanding that poaching is low. However, concerns remain about the illegal take of these animals in the region, in light of fisheries operating in the south of China13 that probably have extended fishing grounds into Malay and Filipino waters. Although juvenile whale sharks might not move as much as originally thought15,52, they still undergo long-distance movements, or move regionally crossing international boundaries27,39,40,45,63 as also reported herein. The results presented here that confirm the movements between the Philippines and Malaysia, and Indonesia, therefore add to this connectivity evidence, and further emphasizes the need for international cooperation to manage this Endangered species. Our results support the objectives of the Coral Triangle Initiative, the Sulu-Sulawesi Seascape Project66, and the Concerted Actions for Whale Sharks under CMS (UNEP/CMS/Concerted Action 12.7, 2017) amongst others, to enhance the management and conservation of the whale shark through trilateral collaboration between Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines. The whale shark connectivity corridor identified here in the south Sulu Sea including Tawi-tawi and Jolo (PH), Sandakan, Kinabatangan, Kunak and Lahad Datu (MY), appears to be a key area of concern for the species, as has also been highlighted for other ETP species like marine turtles. A trilateral approach will not only raise awareness for the species, contribute essential population monitoring data, identify and mitigate threats, but also act as an umbrella species for other ETP species that require urgent attention (e.g., sharks and rays67).MethodsEthics statementThis study was carried out in accordance with the guidelines and in collaboration with the Department of Agriculture-Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources, and the Palawan Council for Sustainable Development (PCSD) of the Republic of the Philippines, under whose management the whale shark falls. No animal was restrained during this work. Work was undertaken under PCSD Gratuitous Permit 2017-13 following an initial research proposal wherein the methods employed were detailed.Study SiteHonda Bay in Palawan province lies in the northwestern Sulu Sea, a deep-sea habitat (>4,000 m) bounded by Mindoro and Panay Islands to the north, Negros and Mindanao to the east, Borneo and the Sulu Archipelago to the south, and Palawan to the west. The Bay is relatively shallow (<45 m deep), covering 28,000 ha, comprising 12 islands across 19 barangays (villages) within the legislative district of Puerto Princesa City. The Bay hosts over 279 species of fish from 41 families, and 37 genera of hard corals68. Honda Bay was highlighted as a Marine Key Biodiversity Area (MKBA) given the occurrence of trigger species, namely globally threatened species within a given habitat of importance. Concerns remain as the fisheries catch declined by almost 10-fold from early 1980s to early 2000s69. Whale sharks were reported to occur in numbers by Torres et al.46, including their direct take. Whale shark tours in Honda Bay have operated since 2009, although no systematic data collection ever took place until this study.Boat-based surveys and photo-IDDedicated boat-based surveys in Honda Bay were conducted between April 23rd and October 21st 2018. We employed two survey platforms to find whale sharks in the Bay: small outriggered pumpboats (7.9 m, 10 hp), and large tourist bangkas (15 m, 90 hp), similar to those described by Araujo et al.27. Pumpboat surveys started from Barangay San Jose (9.7982N, 118.7724E), whereas bangka surveys operated from the Puerto Princesa City baywalk (9.7441N, 118.7301E; Fig. 1). Whale sharks were haphazardly searched for within the central and south western part of the Bay (see Fig. 1) when sea state conditions were 200 m) during day and night, and estimate the vertical velocity of extreme dives (>500 m) based on pre-set intervals of 7.5–10 min.All data retrieved from the tags was transmitted through the ARGOS satellite system and downloaded from Collecte Localisation Satellites (www.argos-system.cls.fr). Wildlife Computers’ DAP3 processor was used to estimate light-level data into geographic locations of the tags deployed. This processor uses a Hidden Markov Model (HMM) with a multi-step algorithm at a 0.25° grid size with light levels, bathymetry data (ETOPO-1)75, tagging location (GPS), pop-up location (first ARGOS Location Quality 3), any other GPS location assigned by the user, sea surface temperature (SST; NOAA OI SST V2, http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/psd), and a mean animal speed of 3.5 km h−1 47,76. Light-level locations had a mean radius error of ~50 km, and 50%, 95% and 99% confidence intervals were generated (Wildlife Computers, 2018), presented herein as Supplementary Video 1.

Data availability

All identification data is hosted on the online database ‘Wildbook for Whale Sharks’ (www.whaleshark.org). Tag data will be made freely available upon manuscript publication.

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Download referencesAcknowledgementsWe would like to thank Large Marine Vertebrates Research Institute Philippines (www.lamave.org) staff and volunteers for their time and effort. This work was made possible through support from The Rufford Foundation and Fondation Ensemble. The satellite tags were obtained from The Sulu Sulawesi Seascape Project, funded by the German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMU) under its International Climate Initiative, in collaboration with the Department of Agriculture-Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (DA-BFAR) and the Palawan Council for Sustainable Development (PCSD). We would like to thank Angelo ‘Toto’ Cayabo, Dolphin and Whales Travel and Tours, Andy Lenor, Eggman, for allowing and helping our researchers onboard their whale shark tours in Honda Bay. We would like to thank Duncan Murrell for his invaluable photo-ID contributions, and Shane Bennett for sharing his identification images from East Kalimantan, Indonesia. This research has made use of data and software tools provided by Wildbook for Whale Sharks, an online mark-recapture database operated by the non-profit scientific organization Wild Me with support from public donations and the Qatar Whale Shark Research Project.Author informationAuthors and AffiliationsLarge Marine Vertebrates Research Institute Philippines, Cagulada Compound, Jagna, 6308, Bohol, PhilippinesGonzalo Araujo, Ariana Agustines, Brian Tracey, Sally Snow, Jessica Labaja & Alessandro PonzoAuthorsGonzalo AraujoView author publicationsYou can also search for this author in

PubMed Google ScholarAriana AgustinesView author publicationsYou can also search for this author in

PubMed Google ScholarBrian TraceyView author publicationsYou can also search for this author in

PubMed Google ScholarSally SnowView author publicationsYou can also search for this author in

PubMed Google ScholarJessica LabajaView author publicationsYou can also search for this author in

PubMed Google ScholarAlessandro PonzoView author publicationsYou can also search for this author in

PubMed Google ScholarContributionsG.A. and A.P. designed and conceived the project. G.A. and A.A. prepared the manuscript and data analyses. All authors contributed to data collection and manuscript revision.Corresponding authorCorrespondence to

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Reprints and permissionsAbout this articleCite this articleAraujo, G., Agustines, A., Tracey, B. et al. Photo-ID and telemetry highlight a global whale shark hotspot in Palawan, Philippines.

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WHAT ON EARTH?

Whale sharks: Meet the world's biggest shark

By Emily Osterloff

58

When you think of giant sharks, the great white from the blockbuster Jaws is probably what springs to mind.

But at a little over six metres long, this fictional man-eating monster is small fry when compared to the world's largest shark. 

Sharks are a group of fish with skeletons made from cartilage instead of bone. There are more than 500 species of shark found across the world, and they range in size from centimetres long to ocean giants.

Read on to find out about the biggest sharks in the world.

How big are whale sharks?

The whale shark, Rhincodon typus, is the largest fish in the world. It is found in tropical and temperate oceans, in both deep water and coastal areas. It's estimated that 75% of the whale shark population lives in the Indo-Pacific Ocean - which comprises the Indian Ocean, the western and central Pacific Ocean and the seas around Indonesia that connect the two. The Atlantic Ocean is home to the remaining 25% of the whale shark population.

Upon reaching sexual maturity, whale sharks are typically about nine metres in length. Many grow larger than this - with most of those measured coming in at around 12 metres.

However, they can grow even longer. One of the biggest whale sharks ever reported was an impressive 18.8-metre-long female from the north-western Indian Ocean – that's longer than a tenpin bowling lane.

Whale sharks reach maturity at nine metres long. They can grow longer than this, but we don't actually know just how much bigger they can get. © Jule Buschmann/Shutterstock

We don't actually know the maximum size limit for these animals. There have been accounts of whale sharks measuring in at over 20 metres in length - though some scientists question the accuracy of these reports given the limited information on how the measurements were taken.

Accurately determining the size of large animals like whale sharks can be tricky. Measurements may be taken by comparing the animal to the size of a boat or snorkeler, or by swimmers holding up a tape measure or rope knotted at intervals beside the animal. Methods like these can result in errors, with one study finding that visual assessments tend to lead to underestimations for sharks more than eight metres long.

It's also possible to calculate the length of a whale shark by using measurements of certain parts of its body and inputting these into mathematical formulas. Scientists may use this approach to remove some of the error that could be introduced by trying to measure the full nose-to-tail length of the animal as it moves through the water.

While the whale shark is certainly a big animal, it is considerably smaller than the blue whale, Balaenoptera musculus, which is the biggest animal in the world. The largest blue whale ever recorded measured a staggering 33 metres in length. Some think that the whale shark's cartilaginous skeleton may prevent it from reaching larger, blue whale-like proportions.

Whale sharks are gentle giants and only eat tiny planktonic organisms © kaschibo/ Shutterstock

Whale sharks are the world's largest shark, but only just - they have some relatively stiff competition. At 12.3 metres long, the basking shark, Cetorhinus maximus, comes in a close second. Then there's the Greenland shark, Somniosus microcephalus, at 6.4 metres long and the great white shark, Carcharodon carcharias, at around 4.0 metres long, though there have been a few reports of individuals over six metres long.

The prehistoric shark megalodon is often considered the biggest shark to ever live. These animals are estimated to have reached 15 to 18 metres long, which makes them similar in length to the biggest whale sharks. 

For comparison, the Museum's giant squid Archie measures in at 8.62 metres long.

What do whale sharks eat?

Despite their enormous size, whale sharks eat tiny planktonic organisms, including copepods, arrow worms, fish eggs, crab larvae, coral spawn and krill. Whale sharks are known for being gentle giants and humans are not on the menu. In fact, their gentle nature along with the algae found in their stomachs led some to mistakenly believe that they survived “entirely on vegetable food”.

Whale sharks migrate thousands of kilometres and will gather in large numbers at the same sites year after year to take advantage of seasonal fish spawning events and zooplankton blooms.

Like baleen whales, whale sharks are filter feeders. They can either actively suck food into their mouths or use passive ram filtration - where they slowly swim open-mouthed through patches of food. They use their gill rakers to sieve food particles out and swallow them while the water is expelled through their gills. A 6.2-metre-long whale shark swimming at around one metre per second would be able to filter about 614,000 litres of sea water per hour.

Despite not needing razor-sharp teeth for cutting and tearing their food, whale sharks still have rows and rows of tiny teeth that are an evolutionary hangover. 

Whale sharks have to eat a lot to sustain their large bodies, but food supplies can be scarce in warm oceans. As a result, to survive, whale sharks must be energy efficient, for example, they're very slow swimmers, rarely travelling at more than 5 kilometres per hour.

Whale sharks follow their planktonic prey as it migrates down into deeper water during the day - often diving to depths of 500 metres, with the deepest recorded dive being 1,928 metres. They are negatively buoyant, which means they are denser than the water around them. Negative buoyancy allows whale sharks to glide down to deeper water without using much energy.

Whale shark eggs

Whale sharks are ovoviviparous, which means the eggs hatch inside the female's body and the young are then born as miniature adults.

Of all the egg-producing sharks, whale sharks produce the largest eggs. The biggest whale shark egg ever recorded was found in the Gulf of Mexico in 1953 - it was more than 30 centimetres long and contained a 35-centimetre-long embryo.

Why are whale sharks endangered?

Whale shark numbers are decreasing rapidly and the species is now endangered. While there is no accurate estimate for the size of the population, data suggests that the global population has declined by around 50% in the last 75 years. 

Most of the threats whale sharks face are linked to human activity. Even tourism may disturb these ocean giants. © atiana Nurieva/ Shutterstock

Whale sharks face major pressures from human activity. Like other sharks, they have been targeted for their meat and fins. For example, in Taiwan the popularity and price of whale shark meat shot up in the late 1980s, reaching around £11 per kilogram in 1997. Local population depletion might have been why catches began to decline after this peak. In 2014, an undercover investigation found that a factory in south-eastern China had been illegally slaughtering at least 600 whale sharks a year, as well as other protected species, including great whites and basking sharks.

In many regions, there are now bans in place to protect whale sharks from being intentionally caught. They are also protected by regulations implemented by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES), though some illegal trade may still occur.

Whale sharks can get caught up in fishing nets in their feeding areas and migration corridors, and are also vulnerable to getting hit by ships. The activities of the multimillion-dollar whale shark tourism industry might also disturb these gentle giants.

On top of these pressures, marine pollution is also affecting this species. Studies have shown whale sharks are ingesting microplastics as they feed. Important whale shark feeding grounds have also been seriously impacted by the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill. During this disaster, 4.9 million barrels, approximately more than 780 million litres, of oil leaked into the Gulf of Mexico, where whale sharks were seen swimming. This oil entered the food chain through planktonic organisms, which whale sharks may have eaten. Oil can also clog a shark’s gills, suffocating the animal.

Whale sharks likely play an important role in the ecosystem. Not only are juveniles an important prey for marine predators, but research suggests that whale sharks might be important for helping to move nutrients from ­­­productive coastal regions into nutrient-poor areas. 

Whale sharks provide a habitat for fishes, such as remora © Derek Keats via Flickr (CC BY 2.0)  

During their lives, the bodies of whale sharks provide a habitat for parasites and remora fish. When they die and eventually sink, they may function like a whale fall, providing a rare source of food for seafloor-dwelling animals.

We have a lot left to learn about these enigmatic ocean giants. Unfortunately, despite protections being in place around the world, whale sharks are still under threat, mostly from human activities.

Discover more about the impact we're having on our planet and what you can do to help.  

58

Oceans

What on Earth?

Fishes

What on Earth?

Just how weird can the natural world be?

Explore the unusual

Read more

Oceans

Great white sharks: Dangerous man-eaters or marine marvels?

Great white sharks are some of the world's most misunderstood animals. There is much more to these sensitive fish than just a big bite.

Oceans

Megalodon: the truth about the largest shark that ever lived

Just how big was megalodon and could this giant predator still be lurking in the dark depths of the ocean?

Oceans

Do sharks lay eggs?

Although most sharks give birth to live young, a few lay oddly shaped eggs that occasionally wash up on beaches.

What on Earth?

Whale fall: What happens when whales die?

Discover how in death, whales can sustain life for decades.

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